CIESIN SEDAC icon NASA logo home page icon
Stratospheric Ozone and Human Health Project

UNEP logo WMO logo
Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion: 1994 Assessment



CHAPTER 2 REFERENCES


Adamson, I., B. Munoz, C. Enger, and H.R. Taylor (1991) Prevalence of lens opacities in surgical and general populations, Arch. Ophthalmol. 109:993-997.

Ansel, J. C., J. Mountz, A. D. Steinberg, E. DeFabo, and I. Green (1985) Effects of UV radiation on autoimmune strains of mice: Increased mortality and accelerated autoimmunity in male mice, J. Invest. Dermatol. 85:181-186.

Applegate, L. E., R. D. Ley, J. Alcalay, and M. L. Kripke (1989) Identification of the molecular target for the suppression of contact hypersensitivity by ultraviolet radiation, J. Exp. Med. 170:1117-1131.

Blum, H.F., (l943) Wavelength dependence of tumor induction by ultraviolet radiation, J. Nat'l Cancer Inst. 3:533-537.

Bochow, T. W., S. K. West, A. Azar, B. Munoz, A. Sommer, and H. R. Taylor (1989) Ultraviolet light exposure and risk of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Arch. Ophthalmol. 107:369-372.

Boyle, J., R. M. MacKie, J. D. Briggs, B. J. R. Junor, and T. C. Aitchison, (1984) Cancer, warts and sunshine in renal transplant patients: A case-control study, Lancet I 702-704.

Bradl, M., A. Klein-Szanto, S. Porter, and B. Mintz (1991) Malignant melanoma in transgenic mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:164-168.

Brooker, A. J., R. J. Brown, D. M. John, T. J. Kenny, and D. W. Coombs (1992) The effects of HFC 125 on pregnancy in the rabbit, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. ALS 10/920856.

Brooker, A. J., S. M. Fulcher, C. A. Parker, J. M. Offer, D. W. Coombs, and C. J. Hardy (1992) The effect of HCFC 141b on reproductive function of two generations in the rat. Interim report: FO generation, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. ALS 2/911643.

Brown, E. L., and M. L. Kripke (1994) The effects of UV radiation on delayed type hypersensitivity and antibody production in C3H miceimmunized with various doses of Borrelia burgdorferi, Proc. Am. Assoc. Immunol. (Abstr.) 150: 25A.

Brozek, D. M., G. M. Shopp, D. L. Ryan, P. M. Gillespie, D. F. Kusewitt, M. S. Rajagopalan, K. D. Ley, and R. D. Ley (1992) In vivo exposure to ultraviolet radiation enhances pathogenic effects of murine leukemia virus LP-BM5, in murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Photochem. Photobiol. 56: 287-295.

Cachao, P., F. Menezes Brandao, M. Carmo, S. Frazao, and M. Silva (l986) Allergy to oil of turpentine in Portugal. Contact Dermatitis, 14(4):205-208.

Cestari, T. F., C. D. Bucana, and M. L. Kripke (1994) Influence of ultraviolet radiation on the granulomatous response to lepromin in humans, J. Invest. Dermatol. (Abstr.) 102: 650.

Cooper, K. D., L. Oberhelman, T. A. Hamilton, O. Baadsgaard, M. Terhune, G. LeVee, T. Anderson, and H. Koren (1992) UV exposure reduces immunization rates and promotes tolerance to epicutaneous antigens in humans: Relationship to dose, CD1a-DR+ epidermal macrophage induction and Langerhans cell depletion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA89: 8497-8501.

Cooper, K. D., N. Duraiswamy, C. Hammerberg, E. Allen, C. Kimbrough-Green, W. Dillon, and D. Thomas (1993) Neutrophils, differentiated macrophages, and monocyte/macrophage antigen presenting cells infiltrate murine epidermis after UV injury, J. Invest. Dermatol 101:155-163.

Coroneo, M. T. (1993) Pterygium as an early indicator of ultraviolet insolation: a hypothesis, Br. J. Ophthalmol. 77:734-739.

Cruickshanks, K. J., B. E. K. Klein, and R. Klein (1992) Ultraviolet light exposure and lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study, Am. J. Public. Health 82:1658-1662.

Cruz, P. D., and P. R. Bergstresser (1988) The low-dose model of UV-B-induced immunosuppression, Photodermatol 5:151-161.

de Gruijl, F. R. and J. C. van der Leun (1991) Development of skin tumors in hairless mice after discontinuation of ultraviolet radiation, Cancer Res. 51:979-984.

de Gruijl, F.R., and J. C. van der Leun (1994) Estimate of the wavelength dependency of ultraviolet carcinogenesis in humans and its relevance to the risk assessment of a stratospheric ozone depletion, Health Physics 67:317-323.

de Gruijl, F. R., H. J. C. M. Sterenborg, P. D. Forbes, R. E. Davies, C. Cole, G. Kelfkens, H. Van Weelden, H. Slaper, and J. C. van der Leun (1993) Wavelength dependence of skin cancer induction by ultraviolet irradiation of albino hairless mice, Cancer Res. 53:53-60.

DeFabo, E. C., and F. P. Noonan (1983) Mechanism of immune suppression by ultraviolet irradiation in vivo: I. Evidence for the existence of a unique photoreceptor in skin and its role in photoimmunology, J. Exp. Med. 157:84-98.

DeFabo, E. C. and F. P. Noonan (1993) UV-induced immunosuppression, In: Environmental UV Photobiology, Eds. A. R. Young et al., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 113-148.

DeFabo, E.C. and M. L. Kripke (1980) Wavelength dependence and dose-rate independence of UV radiation-induced immunologic unresponsiveness of mice to a UV-induced fibrosarcoma, Photochem. Photobiol. 32:183-188.

Denkins, Y. M., I. J. Fidler, and M. L. Kripke (1989) Exposure of mice to UV-B radiation suppresses delayed hypersensitivity to Candida albicans. Photochem. Photobiol. 49:615-619.

Denkins, Y. M. (1991) The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the pathogenesis of Candida albicans in mice. Ph.D. Thesis, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston.

Denkins, Y. M. and M. L. Kripke (1993) Effect of UV irradiation on lethal infection of mice with Candida albicans, Photochem. Photobiol. 57:266-271.

Dolin, P. J. (1994) Ultraviolet radiation and cataract: a review of the epidemiological evidence, Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 78:4788-482.

Donawho, C. K. and M. L. Kripke (1991) Evidence that the local effects of UV radiation on the growth of murine melanomas is immunologically mediated, Cancer Res. 41:4176-4181.

Dyall-Smith, D., G. Varigos (1985) The malignant potential of papillomavirus, Austral. J. Dermatol. 26:102107.

Dorn, C. R., D. O. Taylor and R. Schneider (l971) Sunlight exposure and risk of developing cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinomas in white cats, J National Cancer Institute. 46: 1073-1078.

Doughty M. J. and A. P. Cullen (l989) Long-term effects of a single dose of ultraviolet-B on albino rabbit cornea - I in vivo analysis, Photochem. Photobiol. 49:185-196.

Dyall-Smith, D. and G. Varigos (1985) The malignant potential of papilloma virus Sustralas J. Dermatol. 26: 102-107.

ECETOC (1994) Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals No. 24 Pentachlorofluorethane (HFC 125), Europeans Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, Belgium.

ECETOC (1994) Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals. No. 12, 1 Chloro, 1,2,2,2 -Tetrafluoroethane (HFA 124), Europeans Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, Belgium.

ECETOC (1994) Joint Assessment of Commodity Chemicals No. 13, 1,1 Dechloro, 2,2,2, Trifluroroethane (HFA-123), Europeans Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, Belgium.

Elmets, C. A., M. J. LeVine, and D. R. Bickers (1985) Action spectrum for induction of immunologic unresponsiveness to dinitrofluorobenzene following in vivo low dose ultraviolet radiation, Photochem. Photobiol. 42:391-397.

Emmett, E. A. (l973) Ultraviolet radiation as a cause of skin tumors, Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2:211-255;.

Fisher, M. S. and M. L. Kripke (1982) Suppressor T lymphocytes control the development of primary skin cancers in ultraviolet irradiated mice, Science 216:1133-1134.

Frame, S. R., M. C. Carakostas, and D. B. Warheit (1992) Inhalation toxicity of an isomeric mixture of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 225 in male rats, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 18(4): 590-595.

Freeman, R. G. and J. M. Knox (l964) Ultraviolet induced corneal tumors in different species and strains of animals, J. Invest. Dermatol. 43:431-436.

Freeman, S. E., H. Hacham, R. W. Gange, D. J. Maytum, J. C. Sutherland, and B. M. Sutherland (l989) Wavelength dependence of pyrimidine dimer formation in DNA of human skin irradiated in situ with ultraviolet light, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5605-5609.

Gallagher, R. P., D. I. McLean, C. P. Yang, A. J. Coldman, H. K. B. Silver, J. J. Spinelli, and M. Beagrie (1990) Suntan, sunburn, and pigmentation factors and the frequency of acquired melanocytic nevi in children. Similarities to melanoma: the Vancouver mole study, Arch. Dermatol. 126:770-776.

Giannini, M. S. H. (1986) Suppression of pathogenesis in cutaneous leishmaniasis by UV irradiation, Infect. Immun. 51:838-843.

Giannini, M. S. H. and E. C. DeFabo, (l987) Abrogation of skin lesions in cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Leishmaniasis: The First Centenary (1885-1985) New Strategies for Control, D. T. Hart (ed.), NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, Plenum Publishing Company, London, 1987.

Gibbs, N. K., M. Norval, N. Traynor, M. Wolf, B. E. Johnson, and J. Crosby (1993) Action spectra for the trans to cis photoisomerization of urocanic acid in vitro and in mouse skin, Photochem. Photobiol. 57:584-590.

Glover, M. T., N. Niranjan, J. T. Kwan, and I. M. Leigh (1994) Non-melanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients: the extent of the problem and a strategy for management Br J Plast Surg. 47: 86-89.

Goettsch, W., J. Garssen, A. Deijns, F. R. de Gruijl, and H. van Loveren (1994) UV-B exposure impairs resistance to infection by Trichinella spiralis, Envir. Health Perspec. 102:298-301.

Harding, J. J., and R. Van Heyningen (1987) Case-control Study of cataract in Oxford, Dev. Ophthal. 15:99-103.

Hargis, A. M. (l981) A review of solar-induced lesions in domestic animals, The Compendium on Continuing Education 3: 287-300.

Hardy, C. J. (1992) Halon 13B1, Freon 23, Mixture of Freon 23 and HFC 125. Assessment of cardiac sensitisation potential in dogs, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. DPT 273/921009.

Hardy, C. J. and P. E. Kieran (Final draft) T-5333 and T-5411, Assessment of cardiac sensitisation potential in dogs, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. MIN62/920851.

Hardy, C. J., P. C., Kiernan, I. J., Sharman, and G. C. Clark (1992) Assessment of cardiac sensitisation potential in dogs. Comparison of HFC 125 and Halon 13B1, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. ALS 11/920116.

Hauser, S. L., H. L. Weiner, M. Che, M. E. Shapiro, F. Gilles, and N. L. Letvin, (1984) Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL/J mouse by whole body ultraviolet irradiation, J. Immunol 132:1276-1281.

Hersey, P., G. Haran, E. Hasic, and A. Edwards (1983) Alteration of T cell subsets and induction of suppressor T cell activity in normal subjects after exposure to sunlight, J. Immunol 131:171-174.

Hext, P. M. and A. P. Mould (1991) HFC 134a: Two-year inhalation toxicity study in the rat. Interim report after 52 weeks, ICI Central Toxicology Laboratory, Report No. CTL/P/3317.

Hiller, R., R. D. Sperduto, and F. Ederer (1983) Epidemiological associations with nuclear, cortical, and supcapsular cataracts, Am. J. Epidemiol. 124:916-925.

Hollows, F. C. (1989) Ultraviolet radiation and eye diseases. in Transactions of the Menzies Foundation 15:113-117.

Hollows, F. C. and D. Moran (1991) Cataract--the ultraviolet risk factor, Lancet 2:1249-1250.

HSDB, (1994) Methy Bromide file in the Hazardous Substances Data Bank, on the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system, Bethesda, MD.

Hughes, D.E., G.W. Pugh, and T.S. McDonald (l965) Ultraviolet radiation and Moraxella bovis in the etiology of bovine infectious conjunctivitis Am. J Vet. Res. 26: 1331-1338.

Husain, Z., M. A. Pathak, T. Flotte, and M. M. Wick (1991) Role of ultraviolet radiation in the induction of melanocytic tumors in hairless mice following 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene application and ultraviolet irradiation, Cancer Res. 51:4964-4970.

IARC (1992) Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans Vol. 55, Solar and ultraviolet radiation. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.

Italian-American Study Group (1991) Risk Factors for age-related cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts, Am. J. Epidemiol. 133:541-553.

Jackson, G.C., C. J. Hardy, H. Singh, J. M. Offer, and C. Gopinath (Final draft) T-5411, Acute inhalation toxicity in rats, 4-hour exposure, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. MIN 58/920833.

Jackson, G. C., C. J. Hardy, H. Singh, and J. M. Offer (1992) HCFC 225cb. Acute inhalation toxicity study in rats, 4-hour exposure, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. ALS 7/911567.

Jeevan, A., R. Evans, E. L. Brown, and M. L. Kripke (1992) Effect of local ultraviolet irradiation on infections of mice with Candida albicans, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and Schistosoma mansoni, J. Invest. Dermatol. 99:59-64.

Jeevan, A., and M. L. Kripke (1993) Impact of ozone depletion on immune function, World Resource Reveiw 5 (2):141-155.

Jose, J. L., and D. G. Pitts (1985) Wavelength dependence of cataracts in albino mice following chronic exposure, Exp. Eye Res. 41:545-563.

Kanjilal, S., W. E. Pierceal, K. K. Cunnings, M. L. Kripke, and H. N. Ananthaswamy (1993) High frequency of p53 mutations in UV-induced murine skin tumors: evidence for strand bias and tumor heterogeneity, Cancer Res. 53:2961-2964.

Kenny, T. J., D. W. Coombs, C. J. Hardy, D. Crook, W. A. Gibson, R. L. Gregson, and J. M. Offer (Final draft) T-5333, 90-day inhalation study in rats, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. MIN 59/920819.

Kenny, T. J., D. W. Coombs, C. J. Hardy, J. Morrow, D. J. Lewis, C. Gopinath, and L. F. Chasseaud (1992) HCFC 225cb. 4-week repeat dose inhalation toxicity study in the rat, Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. ALS 8(225cb)/920070.

Klein, K. L., and C. C. Linnemann, Jr. (1986) Induction of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by ultraviolet light, Lancet I 796-798.

Kress, S., C. Sutter, P. T. Strickland, H. Mukthar, J. Schweizer, and M. Schwartz (1992) Carcinogen-specific mutational pattern in p53 gene in ultraviolet B radiation-induced squamous cell carcinomas of mouse skin, Cancer Res. 52:6400-6403.

Kripke, M. L. (1990) Effects of UV radiation on tumor immunity, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82:1392-1396.

Kripke, M. L. (1984) Immunological unresponsiveness induced by ultraviolet radiation, Immunol. Rev. 80:87-102.

Kripke, M. L., P. A. Cox, L. G. Alas, and D. B. Yarosh (1992) Pyrimidine dimers in DNA initiate systemic immunosuppression in UV-irradiated mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7516-7520.

Krutmann, J., W. Czech, F. Parlow, A. Kapp, E. Schopf, and T. A. Luger, (1992) Ultraviolet radiation effects on human keratinocyte ICAM-1 expression, J. Invest. Dermatol 98:923-928.

Larue, L., N. Dougherty, and B. Mintz (1992) Genetic predisposition of transgenic mouse melanocytes to melanoma results in malignant melanoma after exposure to a low ultraviolet B intensity nontumorigenic for normal melanocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9534-9538.

Letvin, N. L., R. S. Kauffman, and R. Finberg (1981) T lymphocyte immunity to reovirus: Cellular requirements for generation and role in clearance of primary infections, J. Immunol 127:2334-2339.

Leuschner, F., B. W. Neumann, and F. Hubscher (l983) Report on sabacute toxicological studies with several fluorocarbons in rats and dogs by inhalation, Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res., 33(II) (10): 1475-1476.

Ley, R. D., L. A. Applegate, R. S. Padilla, and T. D. Stuart (1989) Ultraviolet radiation-induced malignant melanoma in Monodelphis domestica, Photochem. Photobiol. 50:1-5.

Ley, R. D. and D. F. Kusewitt (1994) Dietary saturated fat reduces the susceptibility of the opossum Monodelphis domestica to ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced cutaneous melanotic lesions, unpublished abstract.

Li, Y. W., S. T. Kim, and A. Sancar (1993) Evidence for lack of DNA photoreactivating enzyme in humans, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4389-4393.

Longstreth, J. D., F. R. de Gruijl, Y. Takizawa, and J. C. van der Leun (1991) Human Health. Chapter 2 in Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1991 update, JC van der Leun, M Tevini and RC Worrest (Eds.), pp. 15-24. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.

Luger, T. A. and T. Schwarz (1990) Evidence for an epidermal cytokine network, J. Invest. Dermatol. 95 (Suppl.):100S-104S.

Madronich, and S., F. R. de Gruijl (1993) Skin cancer and UV radiation, Nature 366:23.

Maitchouk, I. F. (1985) Trachoma and cataract: two WHO targets, Int. Nurs Rev. 32:23-25.

Malley, L. A. (1990b) Combined chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study with HCFC-123. Two-year inhalation study in rats (one-year interim report), E. I Du Pont de Nemours Company, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Haskell Laboratory Report No. 260-90.

Malley, L. A. (1991) Subchronic inhalation toxicity: Ninety-day study with HCFC-124, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Haskell Laboratory Report No. 79-91.

Masters, R. E., R. J. Brown, D. M. John, and D. W. Coombs (1992) A study of the effect of HFC 125 on pregnancy of the rat (inhalation exposure), Huntingdon Research Ctre, Report No. ALS 9/920434.

McAlack, J. W., and P. W. Schneider, Jr (l982) Two-year inhalation study with ethane, 1,1-difluoro (FC-152a) in rats, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company.

McGregor, J. M., C. C-W Yu, D. A. Dublin, D. A. Levison, and D. M. MacDonald (1992) Aberrant expression of p53 tumorsuppressor protein in nonmelanoma skin cancer, Br. J. Dermatol. 127:463-469.

Moore, B. L. (l976) Subacute two-week inhalation toxicity, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology oand Industrial Medicine, Haskell Laboratory Report No. 159-76.

Morison, W. L., J. A. Parrish, K. J. Bloch, and J. I. Krugler (1979) In vivo effect of UV-B on lymphocyte function, Br. J. Dermatol. 101:513-519.

Morison, W. L. (1989) Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the immune system in humans, Photochem. Photobiol. 50:515-524.

Morrey, J. D., S. M. Bourn, T. D. Bunch, M. K. Jackson, R. W. Sidwell, L. R. Barrows, R. A. Daynes, and C. A. Rosen (1991) In vivo activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by UV type A (UV-A) plus psoralen and UV-B light in the skin of transgenic mice. J. Virol[[florin]][[florin]]. 65:5045-5051.

Morrison, H., C. Bernasconi, and G. Pandey (1984) A wavelength effect on urocanic acid E/Z photoisomerization, Photochem. Photobiol. 40:549-550.

Mossman, T. R., J. H. Schumacher, N. F. Street, R. Budd, A. O'Garra, T. A. T. Fong, M. W. Bond, L. W. M. Moore, A. Sher, and D. F. Fiorentino, (1991) Diversity of cytokine synthesis and function of mouse CD4+ T cells, Immunol. Rev. 123:209-229.

Mullin, L. S. (l973) Cardiac sensitization potential of difluoromethane, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine, Haskell Laboratory Report No. 257-73.

Nagano, T., M. Ueda, and M. Ichihashi (1993) Expression of p53 protein is an early event in ultraviolet light-induced cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis, Arch. Dermatol. 129:1157-1161.

Nagazawa, H., D. English, P. L. Randel, K. Nakazawa, N. Martel, B. K. Armstrong, and H. Yamasaki (1994) UV and skin cancer: specific p53 gene mutation in normal skin as a biologically relevant exposure measurement, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:360-364.

National Toxicology Program (1990) Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of d-limonene (CAS No. 5989-27-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3Fl mice (gavage studies), US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, NTP Technical Report Series No. 347, NIH PB No. 90-2802.

Nemec, M. D. (1991b) An inhalation developmental toxicity study of FM-100 in rats, WIL Research Laboratories, WIL Project No. WIL-12228.

Nemec, M.D. (1991c) An inhalation range-finding developmental toxicity study of FM-100 in rabbits, WIL Research Laboratories, WIL Project No. WIL-12229.

Nikula, K. J., S. A. Benjamin, G. M. Angleton, W. J. Saunders, and A.C. Lee (1992) Ultraviolet Radiation, Solar dermatosis, and cutaneous neoplasia in beagle dogs, Radiation Research 129:11-18.

Noonan, F. P., E. C. DeFabo, and H. Morrison (1988) Cis-urocanic acid, a product formed by ultraviolet B irradiation of the skin initiates an antigen presentation defect in splenic dendritic cells in vivo, J. Invest. Dermatol 90:92-99.

Noonan, F. P., E. C. DeFabo, and M. L. Kripke (1981) Suppression of contact hypersensitivity by UV radiation and its relationship to UV-induced suppression of tumor immunity, Photochem. Photobiol. 34:683-689.

Noonan, F. P., and H. A. Hoffman (1994) Susceptibility to immunosuppression by ultraviolet B radiation in the mouse. Immunogenetics. 39:29-39.

Opdyke, D. J. L. (l975) Special Issue II:> Monographs on fragrance raw materials, Food Cosmet. Toxicol., 13: 825-826.

Panepinto, A. S. (1990) Four-hour inhalation approximate lethal concentration (ALC) of HFC-125 in rats, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory Report No. 582-90.

Perna, J. J., M. L. Mannix, J. F. Rooney, A. L. Notkins, and S. E. Straus (1991) Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus infection by ultraviolet light: A human model, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 17(3):473-478.

Pitts, D. G., A. P. Cullen, and P. D. Hacker (l977) Ocular ultraviolet effects from 295 to 365 nm in rabbit eye, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.16:223-240.

Pitts, D. G. and R. N. Kleinstein (1993) Environmental Vision,Butterworth-Heineman, Stoneham, MA.

Rivas, J. M., and S. E. Ullrich, (1994) Antibodies against IL-4 and IL-10 block the activity of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppressor T cells, submitted for publication.

Rivas, J. M. and S. E. Ullrich, Ultraviolet B radiation and skin immunology, In Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology, Raven Press, 1994a, in press.

Rivas, J. M. and S. E. Ullrich (1992) Systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by supernatants from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. An essential role for keratinocyte-derived IL-10, J. Immunol. 149:3865-3871.

Romerdahl, C. A., L. C. Stephens, C. Bucana, and M. L. Kripke (1989) The role of ultraviolet radiation in the induction of melanocytic skin tumors in inbred mice, Cancer Commun. 1:209-219.

Rosenthal, F. S., S. K. West, B. Munoz, E. A. Emmett, P. T. Strickland, and H. R. Taylor (1991) Ocular and facial skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight: a personal exposure model with application for a worker population, Health Physics 61:77-86.

Scheibner, A., D. E. Hollies, W. H. McCarthy, and G. W. Milton (1986) Effects of sunlight exposure on Langerhans cells and melanocytes in human epidermis, Photodermatol. 3:15-25.

Schein, O. D., S. West, B. Munoz, S. Virale, M. Maguire, H. R. Taylor, and N. Bressel (1994) Cortical lenticular opacification: distribution and location in a longitudinal study, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.35:363-366.

Schieven, G. L., J. M. Kirihara, L. K. Gilliland, F. M. Uckun, and J. A. Ledbetter (1993) Ultraviolet radiation rapidly induces tyrosime phosphorylation and calcium signaling in lymphocytes. Mol. Biol. Cell 4:523-530.

Schmitt, J., J. R. Schlehofer, K. Mergerer, L. Gissman, and H. zur Hausen, Amplification of bovine papillomavirus DNA by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ultraviolet irradiation, or infection with herpes simplex virus, Virology, 172: 73-81, 1989.

Schneider, R., C. R. Dorn, and M. R. Klauber, (l968 Cancer in households. A human-canine retrospective study, J National Cancer Inst. 41: 1285-1292.

Seckar, J. A., H. J. Trochimowicz, and G. K. Hogan (l986) Toxicological evaluation of hydrochlorofluorocarbon 142b, Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 24(3): 237-240. (Several volumes of the original study were consulted and are part of the literature file for this compound.)

Setlow, R. B., E. Grist, K. Thompson, and A. P. Woodhead (1993) Wavelengths effective in induction of malignant melanoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Aci. USA 90:6666-6670.

Setlow, R. B., A. D. Woodhead, and E. Grist (1989) Animal model for ultraviolet radiation-induced melanoma: Platyfish-swordtail hybrid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Aci. USA 86:8922-8926.

Simon, J. C., R. E. Tigelaar, P. R. Bergstresser, D. Edelbaum, and P. D. Cruz (1991) Ultraviolet B radiation converts Langerhans cells from immunogenic to tolerogenic antigen presenting cells. Induction of clonal anergy in CD4+ T helper 1 cells, J. Immunol. 146:485-491.

Simon, J. C., P. D. Cruz, P. R. Bergstresser, and R. E. Tigelaar (1990) Low dose ultraviolet B-irradiated Langerhans cells preferentially activate CD4+ cells of the T helper 2 subset, J. Immunol. 145:2087-2091.

Simon, M. M., Y. Aragane, A. Schwarz, T. A. Luger, and T. Schwarz (1994) UV-B light induces nuclear factor kB (NFkB) activity independently from chromosomal DNA damage in cell-free cytosolic extracts, J. Invest. Dermatol. 102:422-427.

Slaper, H., M. G. J. Den Elzen, H. J. van der Woerd, and J. De Greef (1992) Ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence: an integrated modeling approach. Report 749202001, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.

Sliney, D. H. (1987) Estimating the solar ultraviolet radiation exposure to intraocular lens implant, J. Cataract Refrac. Res.

Spruance, S. L. (1985) Pathogenesis of herpes simplex labialis: Experimental induction of lesions with UV light, J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:366-368.

Streilein, J. W. and P. R. Bergstresser (l988) Genetic basis of ultraviolet-B effects on contact hypersensitivity. Immunogenetics. 27: 252-258.

Strickland, P. T. (1984) Photocarcinogenesis and influence of UV radiation on autoimmune disease in NZB/N mice, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 73:537-541.

Szigeti, B., J. Chapiro, and J. M. Saint-Girons (1976) Traitement du zona par actinotherapie ultraviolette, J. Radiol. Electrol. 57:549-551.

Taylor, H. R., S. K. West, F. S. Rosenthal, B. Munoz, H. S. Newland, H. Abbey, and E. A. Emmett (1988) Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation, New Engl. J. Med. 319:1429-1433.

Tinston, D. J., I. S. Chart, M. J. Godley, C. W. Gore, M. H. Litchfield, and M. Robinson (l981b) HCFC-22 (CFC 22): Long term inhalation study in the rat, Imperial Chemical Industries Limited, Central Toxicology Laboratory, CTL Study No. PRO132.

Tschachler, E., V. Groh, M. Popovic, D. L. Mann, K. Konrad, B. Safai, L. Eron, F. D. Veronese, K. Wolff, and G. Stingl (1987) Epidermal Langerhans cells--a target for HTLV-III/LAV infection, J. Invest. Dermatol. 88:233-237.

Ullrich, S. E. (1994) Mechanism involved in the systemic suppression of antigen-presenting cell function by UV irradiation, J. Immunol. 152:3410-3416.

USEPA, (l987) Assessing the Risks of Trace Gases that can Modify the Stratosphere, 3: Chapts. 6-18, EPA 400/1-87/001C, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

USEPA, (1991) Alpha2u-globulin: Association with chemically-induced renal toxicity and neoplasia in the male rat, US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/625/3-91/O19F.

USEPA, (1994) Personal Communication from William Thomas, Division of Stratospheric Ozone Protection, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

van der Leun, J. C. and F. R. de Gruijl (1993) Influences of ozone depletion on human and animal health, in UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion, M. Tevini (ed.), Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, pp. 95-123.

van der Leun, J. C., Y., Y. Takiyawa and J. D. Longstreth (l989) Human Health, Chapt 2 in Environmental effects of ozone depletion; J. C. van der Leun, M. Trevini and R. C. Worress (Eds), 11-24, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.

Van Kranen, M. J., F. R. de Gruijl, P. W. Wester, H. C. M. Senden, A. De Vries, A. Sienus-van Basten, Y. Sontag, and C. J. Van Kreijl (1992) p53 alterations in UV-B induced skin tumors of hairless mice. Proc. 6th p53 Workshop, Tiberias, Israel, Nov. 1992, p. 166.

Van't Veer, L. J., B. M. T. Burgering, R. Versteen, A. J. Boot, D. J. Ruiter, S. Osanto, P. I. Schrier, and J. L. Bos (1989) N-ras mutations in human cutaneous melanoma from sun-exposed body sites, Mol. Cell Biol. 9:3114-3116.

Vermeer, M., and J. W. Streilein (1990) Ultraviolet B light-induced alterations in epidermal Langerhans cells are mediated in part by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 7:258-265.

Vermeer, M., G. J. Schmeider, T. Yoshikawa, J.-W. van der Berg, M. Metzman, J. R. Taylor, and J. W. Streilein (1991) Effects of ultraviolet-B light on cutaneous immune responses in humans with deeply pigmented skin, J. Invest. Dermatol. 97:729-734.

Vitasa, B. C., H. R. Raylor, P. T. Strickland, F. S. Rosenthal, S. West, H. Abbey, S. K. Ng, B. Munoz, and E. A. Emmett (1990) Association of nonmelanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis with cumulative solar ultraviolet exposure in Maryland watermen, Cancer 65:2811-2817.

Vogel, J., M. Cepeda, E. Tschachler, L. A. Napalitano, and G. Jay (1992) UV activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression in transgenic mice, J. Virol. 66:1-5.

Warheit, C. B. (1991) Four-week inhalation toxicity study with HFC-143a in rats, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory Report No. 99-91.

Warheit, C. B. (1992) Four-week inhalation toxicity study with HFC-143a in rats, E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company, Haskell Laboratory Report.

Wheeler, C. E. Jr. (1975) Pathogenesis of recurrent herpes simplex infections, J. Invest. Dermatol. 65:341-346.

WHO/UNEP (1994) Monograph.

Weinstock M. A., G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willet, M. J. Stamfer, B. Rosner, and F. E. Speizer (1991) Recall (report) bias and reliability in retrospective assessment of melanoma risk, Am. J. Epidemiol. 133:240-245.

Wojno, T., D. Singer, and R. Schultz (1983) Ultraviolet light, cataracts, and spectacle wear, Ann. Ophthal. 15:729-732.

Yarosh, D. B., C. Bucana, P. Cox, L. Alas, J. Kibitel, and M Kripke, (1994) Localization of liposomes containing a DNA repair enzyme in murine skin, J. Invest. Dermatol, in press.

Yoshikawa, T., V. Rae, W. Bruins-Slot, W. Van den Berg, J. R. Taylor, and J. W. Streilein (1990) Susceptibility to effects of UV-B radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans, J. Invest. Dermatol. 95:530-536.

Ziegler, A., D. J. Lefell, S. Kunala, H. W. Sharma, M. Gailani, J. A. Simon, P. E. Shapiro, P. E. Bale, and D. E. Brash (1993) Mutation hotspots due to sunlight in the p53 gene of nonmelanoma skin cancers, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4216-4220.

Zigman, S., T. Paxia, T. McDaniel, M. F. Lou, and N-T Yu (1991) Effect of chronic near-ultraviolet radiation on the gray squirrel lens in vivo, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32:1723-1732

Zmudzka, B. Z. and J. B. Beer (1990) Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by ultraviolet radiation, Photochem. Photobiol. 6:1153-1162.

[back to Chapter 2]


TOC Table of
Contents
TOC UNEP Ozone
Secretariat
HOME Ozone/Health
Home Page