| Effect |
RAF
|
Reference
|
| |
January
(290 DU) |
July
(305 DU) |
|
| Erythema* |
1.6 |
1.5 |
Anders et al., 1995 |
| Skin cancer in SKH-1 hairless mice (Utrecht) |
1.5 |
1.4 |
de Gruijl et al., 1993 |
| SKH-1 corrected for human skin transmission |
1.2 |
1.1 |
de Gruijl and van der Leun, 1994 |
| Elastosis |
1.1 |
1.2 |
Kligman and Sayre, 1991 |
| Photocarcinogenesis, skin edema |
1.6 |
1.5 |
Cole et al., 1986 |
| Photocarcinogenesis (based on STSL) |
1.5 |
1.4 |
Kelfkens et al., 1990 |
| Photocarcinogenesis (based on PTR) |
1.6 |
1.5 |
Kelfkens et al., 1990 |
| Melanogenesis |
1.7 |
1.6 |
Parrish et al., 1982 |
| Melanoma in fish |
0.1 |
0.1 |
Setlow et al. 1993 |
| DNA Related |
|
|
|
| Generalized DNA damage* |
2.2 |
2.1 |
Setlow, 1974 |
| Mutagenicity and Fibroblast killing |
2.2 [1.7] |
2.0 [2.7] |
Zölzer and Kiefer, 1984; Peak et al., 1984 |
| Fibroblast killing |
0.3 |
0.6 |
Keyse et al., 1983 |
| Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation |
2.4 [2.0] |
2.3 [2.1] |
Chan et al., 1986 |
| (6-4) photoproduct formation |
2.7 [2.3] |
2.5 [2.3] |
Chan et al., 1986 |
| HIV-1 activation |
4.4 [0.1] |
3.3 [0.1] |
Stein et al., 1989 |
| Eyes |
|
|
|
| Damage to cornea |
1.2 |
1.1 |
Pitts et al., 1977 |
| Damage to lens (cataract) |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Pitts et al., 1977 |
| Other effects on animal cells |
|
|
|
| Occupational exposure limit |
1.4 |
1.5 |
ACGIH, 1991 |
| Immune suppression |
1.0 [0.4] |
0.8 [0.4] |
DeFabo and Noonan, 1983 |
| Cell mortality in Chinese hamster |
1.3 |
1.2 |
Banrud et al., 1993 |
| Substrate binding in Chinese hamster |
0.4 |
0.4 |
Banrud et al., 1993 |
| Membrane Damage |
|
|
|
| Membrane bound K+-stimulated
ATPase inactiv. |
2.1 [0.3] |
1.6 [0.3] |
Imbrie and Murphy, 1982 |
| Plants |
|
|
|
| Isoflavonoid formation in bean |
2.7 [0.1] |
2.3 [0.1] |
Wellmann, 1985 |
| Photosynthetic electron transport |
0.2 |
0.1 |
Jones and Kok, 1966 |
| Overall photosynthesis in leaf of Rumex patientia |
0.2 |
0.3 |
Rundel, 1983 |
| DNA damage in Alfalfa |
0.5 |
0.6 |
Quaite et al., 1992 |
| Phytoplankton |
|
|
|
| Inhibition of motility (Euglena gracilis) |
1.9 |
1.5 |
Häder and Worrest, 1991 |
| Inhibition of photosynthesis (Phaeodactylum
sp.) |
0.2 |
0.3 |
Cullen et al., 1992 |
| Inhibition of photosynthesis (Prorocentrum
micans) |
0.3 |
0.4 |
Cullen et al., 1992 |
| Inhibition of photosynthesis, in Antarctic community |
0.8 |
0.8 |
Boucher and Prezelin, 1996 |
| Inhibition of photosynthesis (Nodularia spumigena,
cyanobacterium) |
0.2 |
0.2 |
Häder et al., 1994 |
| Tropospheric photolysis |
|
|
|
| O3 + hn®
O(1D) + O2* |
1.7 |
1.5 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| O3 + hn®
O(3P) + O2 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| H2O2
+ hn ® OH + OH |
0.4 |
0.4 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| HNO3 + hn®
OH + NO2 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| NO2 + hn®
O(3P) + NO |
0.0 |
0.0 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| HCHO + hn ®
H + CHO |
0.5 |
0.5 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| HCHO + hn ®
H2 + CO |
0.2 |
0.2 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| Aqueous photochemistry |
|
|
|
| CO production (Suwannee River) |
0.3 |
0.3 |
Valentine and Zepp, 1993 |
| CO production (Pacific Ocean)* |
0.3 |
0.3 |
Zafirou, priv. comm., 1998 |
| COS production (Gulf of Mexico) |
0.2 |
0.2 |
Zepp and Andreae, 1994 |
| COS production (North Sea) |
0.6 |
0.6 |
Zepp and Andreae, 1994 |
| Photodegradation of nitrate ions |
1.1 |
1.0 |
Zepp et al., 1987 |
| Photodegradation of HCHO (Biscayne Bay) |
1.3 |
1.1 |
Kieber et al., 1990 |
| Photoproduction of H2O2
in freshwater |
0.1 |
0.1 |
Cooper et al., 1988 |
| Materials damage |
|
|
|
| Yellowness induction in polyvinyl chloride |
0.2 |
0.2 |
Andrady et al., 1989 |
| Yellowness induction in polycarbonate |
0.4 |
0.4 |
Andrady et al., 1991 |
| Other weighting functions |
|
|
|
| Temple U. Robertson-Berger meter |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Urbach et al., 1974 |
| Solar Light Robertson-Berger meter (Model 501) |
1.2 |
1.1 |
Manufacturer’s literature, 1994 |
| Ozone cross section (273 K) |
0.8 |
0.8 |
de More et al., 1997 |
| UV-A (315-400 nm) |
0.03 |
0.02 |
|
| UV-B (280-315 nm) |
1.25 |
0.99 |
|
| UV-B’ (280-320 nm) |
0.87 |
0.71 |
|
| Exponential decay, one decade per 14 nm |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
|
Updated from UNEP (1994), with new entries denoted by (*). RAFs are
computed on basis of daily integrals. Listed references are for the original
action spectra used in the calculation of the RAFs. Measurements of action
spectra often do not cover the full UV-A wavelength range. For such cases,
the RAF calculations were repeated by extrapolating the action spectra
to 400 nm; values shown in brackets show the RAF estimated from the extrapolated
action spectra, for cases where the RAF changed by at least 0.2 units,
and are indicative of the highly uncertain UV-A contribution. |
